Trench Warfare Essays - Trench Warfare, Military Science

Trench Warfare Essays - Trench Warfare, Military Science Trench Warfare World War I was a military conflict that lasted from 1914 to 1918. It was a modern war with airplanes, machine guns, and tanks. However, the commanders often fought World War I as if it were a 19th Century war. They would march their troops across open land into the face of machine guns and often slaughter. As a result of this action, a tactic known as trench warfare was implemented. The most recent use of use of trench warfare, before World War I, took place during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). This war attracted worldwide attention among military authorities that were interested in studying the latest technology used in war. Many viewed trench warfare to be an effective tactic against enemy advancement. Because of this view, trench warfare proved to be, in World War I, an ineffective and traumatizing experience for all. In September 1914, the German commander, General Erich von Falkenhayn ordered his troops to dig trenched that would provide protection from the allied troops. When the allies reached the trench, they soon realized that they could not break through the line that the trench provided. They also realized that the trench provided the Germans with shelter from their fire. Soon after, the allies began to dig their own trenches and, therefore, trench warfare began. Not very long, after the first trenches of the war were dug, a network of trenches arose. This network spread across France and Belgium for many miles. Within the network, there were three different types of trenches: front line trenches, support trenches, and reserve trenches. The first line of trenches was called front line trenches. These were usually two meters deep and had a zigzag pattern to prevent enemy fire from sweeping the entire length of the trench. In order to prevent the trench form caving in, sandbags were stacked against the trench walls. Between the trenches of opposing forces laid no man's land. This area between the opposing front line trenches was filled with barbwire and mines to prevent enemy crossing. If a soldier was ever injured in no man's land, he usually was killed because of his vulnerability to enemy fire. The second and third types of trenches were the support and reserve trenches, respectively. These trenches were constructed to easily move supplies and troops to the front trenches. All of the trenches were linked to each other by other trenches, underground tunnels, or telephone communications networks. Barbwire was also stretched across the line to protect from enemy attack. While the design of the trenches and the network of trenches seemed like a great tactic, the reality of the life in the trenches was a different story. Life in the trenches took its toll on the soldiers involved in the war. The soldiers in the front line trenches often stayed there for at least 10 days at a time, usually with very little sleep. Katczinsky is right when he says it would not be such a bad war if only one could get more sleep. In the line we have next to none, and fourteen days is a long time at one stretch(p.2). The main reason that soldiers on the front line could not sleep was to be on guard against enemy sneak attacks. Another reason that the soldiers were very tired is that night was used as a time for preparation and maintenance of the trenches. The trenches were constantly being destroyed, either by enemy shellfire, or water damage. Many times, soldiers would be buried alive by the collapsing trench walls. Paul, in All Quiet on the Western Front, states Our trench is almost gone. At many places, it is only eighteen inches high, it is broken by holes, and craters, and mountains of earth.(p.107). Along with very little sleep and the destruction of trenches, soldiers also had to worry about contracting trench foot. Trench foot is an infection of the feet caused by wet and insanitary conditions. Soldiers stood for hours on end in waterlogged trenches without being able to remove wet socks or boots. This caused their feet to gradually go numb and their skin to turn red or blue. If these conditions went untreated, they would turn gangrenous and result in amputation. Another major concern for

Explaining Letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explaining Letter - Assignment Example I have taken your complaint into consideration and treated it as a top priority because you are one of our most valued customers. Regards packing and shipping, I would like to just brief you, that every painting that leaves Manhattan Galleries is carefully wrapped with two layers of convoluted foam and one layer of Perf-Pack foam in order to avoid any damage to the painting. The shippers of our products are explicitly instructed that the pictures should be shipped in vertical position and not horizontally, in order to absorb any shocks and bumps along the way that may tend to damage the shipment. But even so, I would like to reassure you once again, that it becomes the sole responsibility of Manhattan Galleries to see that the painting was delivered to you in perfect condition. However, the best we could do in this respect is to request you to kindly take the painting to your local framing – shop and get the canvas re-stretched to fit the frame perfectly. The assurance we could give you is that Manhattan Galleries would bear the entire cost as we do not want to leave you a dissatisfied customer at any cost because we really appreciate you being one of our best customers and intend associating with you in our business even in the future. Thank you so much for letting us know about the condition, which in turn made it possible for us to render good customers like you our committed service. I happened to go through the letter you wrote to the customer who had complained of a sagging canvas and thought that it could do with a few changes. Kindly make the necessary changes to your original letter before posting it to the customer.

Produced water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Produced water - Essay Example several key areas such as agriculture which uses 70 per cent, 22 per cent for industrial use, while domestic water usage is at 8 per cent (UNESCO, 2003) water conservation becomes an important aspect in all human endeavours. There are many benefits associated with treated produced given that the recycled water can be flooded back or used in activities such as irrigation, wildlife and livestock consumption, aquaculture, industrial processes, dust control, domestic washing, generating power in addition to fire control (Veil et al, 2004). Water recycles and reuse policy will go a long way in alleviating the water shortage problem experienced in many parts of the world. Bearing in mind the benefits that human population can get from produced water, this essay examines the processes, advantages and disadvantages of ion exchange and Reverse osmosis technologies used in treatment of produced water both onshore and offshore. The process of ion exchange involves the replacement of dissolved components by attachment to an electro-statically charged ion exchange material that in most cases has synthetic resin. The Ion exchange process is a reversible chemical reaction that leads to the replacement of positively or negatively charged ions in the water with corresponding charged ions available within the resin sites. The ions on the resin must be replaced periodically when they are exhausted by recharging with more replacement Ions. A key factor in the process is the fact that the chemical composition of water solutions must be electrically neutral which is the reason why ions in the resin bed are always exchanged with ions of similar charge present in the water ensuring that during the exchange process no reduction in ions occurs (Arthur, Langhus & Patel, 2005). Ion exchange process has been traditionally used to remove water hardness ions such as calcium and magnesium by substituting them those of sodium and chloride for many years. When applied in oil and gas produced

Psychological Association Essay Example for Free

Psychological Association Essay The code, first published in 1953, is applicable to psychologists of all categories though various principles are mostly relevant to clinical psychologists in their activities of research, teaching, assessment and therapy. The objective of these codes is to instill ethical behavior among psychologists. The code is categorized into two groups namely: Ethical standards; It encompasses rules that are enforceable and specific covering a great deal of activities performed by psychologists. Ethical standards are further categorized into 10 groups with a sum total of 89 standards. They include; Impact of the APA code of ethics to psychology The field has mostly committed people who have a far greater motivation for doing their work other than material wellbeing. This stems from observing the virtue that proclaims that psychologists should not harm clients but strive to benefit them. Keenness and high levels of professionalism are more pronounced in the field due to the fact that accuracy and truthfulness is one of the guiding principles for psychologists. The principle stressing for forging of close friendships between psychologists and their clients has the likely effect of speeding up the recovery of clients. This is because one major reason why clients see psychologists is due to problems associated with neglect and loneliness (Lane, Meisels, 1994, p. 34). The public has more trust in psychologists because they are assured of the fact that their confidential information is safely guarded. The chances of a client opening up to a psychologist are therefore high. This in turn makes diagnosis and therapy more effective due to the availability of accurate information. The fact that psychologists happen to be calm and composed people makes the atmosphere around an examination room relaxing. This in turn makes the client who might be inclined to overexcitement also composed. Therapy and examination is thus greatly simplified. The existence of a universally accepted code for the discipline makes it easier to compare notes among scholars from different backgrounds. This in turn makes the synchronization of activities easier and hence connecting of scholars from different parts of the globe. Sharing of ideas is thus enhanced with the ultimate result of improving the quality of content in the discipline (Lane, Meisels, 1994, p. 56) Reference MchWhirter Darien (1995) Equal Protection. New York: Oryx Press, pp. 23, 78 Lane Robert Meisels Murray (1994) A History of the Division of Psychoanalysis of the American Psychological Association. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 34, 56 .

Bill Gates Essay -- Essays Papers

Bill Gates Bill Gates was born on October 28, 1955. Gates and his two sisters grew up in Seattle. Their father, William H. Gates II, is a Seattle attorney. His late mother, Mary Gates, was a schoolteacher, University of Washington regent and chairwoman of United Way International. Bill Gates came from a very involved background dealing with politics and in the business industry. So he was pretty educated in the world as a young child. He also spent most of his time reading and learning about Business Industry which is what he liked. Bill went to Lakeside School for seventh grade at the age of 12. It was a very strict privates boys school. At first he seemed uncomfortable but eventually he found some friends that had some of the same interests as in Business and looking at computer companies. Most of his teachers seemed intimidnated by him and another group of older classmates initiative to figure out something called Teletype. You would type programs off-line on yellow paper tape and then put it into the tape reader, then dial up the computer and quickly feed the paper tape and run your program. There was a club called Mothers club that would have various rummage sales and got money to pay for the Teletype and also fees like using the Teletype. With the Teletype you have to pay for storage, computer fee and connection time. So he got a lot of experience with computers in school. In 1973, Gates enrolled at Harvard University. At Harvard Bill developed the pro...

Heaney as a Modern Poet

Seam's Haney as a poet of Modern Ireland Seam's Haney epitomizes the dilemma of the modern poet. In his collection of essays ‘Preoccupations' he embarks on a search for answers to some fundamental questions regarding a poet: How should a poet live and write? What Is his relationship to his own voice, his own place, his literary heritage and his contemporary world? In ‘Preoccupations' Haney imagines ‘Digging' itself as having been ‘dug up', rather than written, observing that he has ‘come to realize that It was laid down in me years ago'.In this sense, the poetic act is one of ‘retrieval'-of recovering something that already exists-rather than of creating something entirely new from whole cloth, Plagued by the moral dilemma of sympathizing with the school of thought that wanted to destroy the Protestant supremacy, and being a poet, he could not condone violence. This dilemma tore him apart and gave way to a sense of fragmented Identity and an Inevit able nihilism. It Is this sense of the repetition of cycles rooted deep in the past that attracted Haney to Glob's book on The Bog People.What Glob offers is an image off pre-Christian, northern European tribal society in which ritual violence is a necessary part of the structure of life. Most of the Iron-Age bodies recovered from the Jutland Bogs and documented by Glob had been the victims of ritual killings, many of them having served as human sacrifices to the Earth Goddess Nervous. Haney detected a kinship between the Pagan civilizations of Jutland and Ireland's own Celtic traditions.Haney in a conversation affirms â€Å"Irish Catholicism is continuous with something older than Christianity†. Honey's first extended attempt at conflating his understanding of Glob's Jutland rituals with his own sense of mythic and modern history comes in the ‘Tolland Man'. The Tolland Man is one of the recovered bodies by Glob in this book. He was a victim sacrificed to Nervous, In th e hope of securing a good crop from the land, and It Is In this sense that he is, as Haney describes him as ‘Bridegroom to the goddess'.Haney imagines the killing of the Tolland Man and his subsequent burial in the Bog as a kind of violent love making between victim and goddess, In which Nervous , ‘opening her fen' reserves the victim's body by immersing it in her sexual ‘dark juices'. When the Tolland Man is dug up, many centuries later the turf cutters discover ‘His last gruel of winter seed/caked In his stomach'. Ever since Haney placed as a child In a moss- hole, Haney realized that the Bog represented for him a repository of memories of his childhood. He also recognized the Bog as being literally a storage place which held objects preserved for decades beneath It.Just as Haney believed that Ireland's history lay beneath the Bog he also began to use the Bog to project her future. The fact that poetry is a kind of continuous and complex stream of thoughts, a composite of memories In which what we have experienced in the past Is constantly merging with our experience of the moment best embodied by Eliot;s ‘Time present and time past/are both perhaps present in time future/and time future contained in time past'. Haynes poems are laced with a strong sense of alienation In the modern world and the need to negotiate the distance between origins and present circumstances.In the poem ‘Digging' learning and the privileges to which it provides access are what operates the speaker trot his tamer. The speaker sits inside looking out at his father working beneath his window. If he cannot literally dig, he can ‘dig metaphorically unearthing the detail of the life of his family and community and honoring them by preserving them in his verse. As Hellene Vender puts it, these early poems memorial ‘a life which the poet does not want to follow, could not follow, but none the less recognizes as forever a part of his inner land scape'.The language evokes a strong sense of the sight and sound of the world being described which indicates the early influence on Haney of this near contemporary English poet Ted Hughes. Language is thus deployed here with enormous precision in the impressionistic manner in order to evoke a detailed image of a very specific world with Haney describing it as the rustle of language itself. In the true modernist vein Haney takes a descent into his past which becomes analogous to his subconscious, ‘digging' out memories. The land of Ireland itself is, the object of resentment for those who endured the terrible suffering of the Great Hunger.In ‘Ata Potato Digging the ultra collective of ‘a people hungering from birth' takes on a political dimension as well as a purely descriptive one. The degradation of having to grub ‘like plants' makes the people seem worth no more than weeds so it is unsurprising that they should feel that their land is the ‘bitchy ear th'. Honey's subject matter and imagery become stark and astringent filled with death and dying and rooted firmly in his world. However, the irony becomes evident when the essence of profligacy is contrasted with famine victim could afford to throw away tea dregs or crusts.As the workers stretch out in their rest they are describes lying on faithless ground'. This reminds us of the fact that nature can set its face against humanity and behave in an unpredictable manner. It can also be argued that although Honey's work is full of images of death and dying, it is at the same time deeply rooted in life endlessly metaphorical. It holds out an offer of endlessness of cynical history of eternity. Honey's poems are ultimately peace poems intensifying the sense of beauty in contrast to the horror of violence and the pathos of needless death.

The Black Lives Matter A Beacon Of Hope For The Minority...

The civil rights movement created a beacon of hope for the minority races of America, more specifically African Americans, who will fight against oppression. This echoing movement has manifested recently behind the certainty of the continuous oppression towards African American preceding the unfortunate deaths of two black men. The â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement has transpired extensively through twitter, a massive social media outlet, which has the ability to converge such a movement to prosperity and cohesiveness. Various supporters have the connectivity through twitter to relate the oppressive state of America to implicate change from inside –out. With the ability to connect social morality with present events, Twitter has captivated the â€Å"Black Lives Matter† movement through an association of semiotics pertaining to social equality. Twitter’s operates as a universal platform where users can share news, thoughts, and information in messages of 140 characters or less. More commonly known as â€Å"tweets, spread through users who â€Å"follow’ each other in order to converse and provide updates with precise people. #Hashtags, a feature provided on this platform, which allowed this movement to incubate aggressively, combine bigger conversations about particular topics. Its serves as a semiotic denotation for the topic of discussion, for example: #American Idol or #Obamacare. #BlackLivesMatter is movement created after George Zimmerman, a Florida resident, was acquitted from charges ofShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement : Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesthe name of Reverend (PBS, 2016) Martin Luther King Jr. changed the world he occupied and changed the future course of the United States of America by advocating for desegregation. Martin Luther King Junior was on a mission to end the segregation of the African American community. 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